By **Fred Pearce**
Water consumption has tripled in the past 30 years and there’s a growing danger that disputes over the most necessary of resources could erupt into violence.
Water is rapidly becoming one of the defining crises of the 21st century. Climate change is making its availability increasingly uncertain. And we are using ever more of the stuff. In the past three decades the human population has doubled but human use of water has tripled— largely because, ton-for-ton, modern “high-yielding” crop varieties often need more water than the old crops.
A typical Westerner consumes, directly and through thirsty products like food, about a hundred times their own weight in water every day. That is why some of the great rivers of the world, such as the Nile, Indus, Yellow River and Colorado, no longer reach the sea in any appreciable volume. All their water is taken.
Many parts of the world, notably the Middle East, are running out of water to feed themselves. In response, a vast global trade is emerging. Not in water itself, but in thirsty crops like grains and sugar and cotton. Europe is a major importer of thirsty crops. Meanwhile the U.S., along with a handful of other countries, like Australia, Argentina, Thailand and Canada, are major exporters.
Economists call this the “virtual water trade.” Many countries would starve without it. But as more and more countries run short of water, the trade will be disrupted. And the threat of wars over water will grow.
Already water shortages are at the heart of many injustices. Ever since Israel took control of the West Bank in 1967, it has refused to let Palestinians sink new boreholes there. It says this policy is necessary to protect the underground water reserves, which are already being over-used. That is true. But the reality is that Israel takes most of the water, and the limits only apply to Palestinians.
Israel’s relations with its other neighbors are poisoned by its insistence on controlling the watershed of the River Jordan, its main source of water. According to former prime minister Ariel Sharon’s memoirs, the 1967 Six Day War was fought as much for control of the River Jordan as for land. Israel today hangs onto the Golan Heights less for military reasons than because it is where the river rises.
Scour the more serious newspapers and you will see a constant drip-drip of stories about water riots in Pakistan, Mexico, India, China, Indonesia and elsewhere. The world is awash too with disputes over international rivers that threaten to become full-blown wars as water shortages grow. As a Briton, I am aware that many of these disputes are in former British-run territories, and have their origins in colonial times.
The 1947 partitioning of India split control of the River Indus. Now India and Pakistan are at odds over a new Indian hydroelectric plant that, Pakistan claims, threatens its British-built irrigation schemes, which supply most of the country’s food. India’s control over the Ganges causes both floods and droughts in downstream Bangladesh.
In Africa, Britain left behind a Nile treaty that gives all the waters of a river that flows through ten countries to the two most downstream: Egypt and Sudan. Egypt now threatens to wage war on anyone upstream—such as Ethiopia—who takes so much as a pint pot of water from the river.
Other festering disputes concern Chinese dams being built on the Mekong in Southeast Asia, and complex conflicts in central Asia, where upstream hydroelectric dams that keep the people of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan warm in winter disrupt water supplies for the huge cotton plantations of downstream Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.
One of the first items on the agenda of a future functioning Iraqi government will be to contest Turkish dams upstream on the Tigris and Euphrates.
A major problem in many of these disputes is that there are no internationally agreed ground rules for how nations should cooperate over shared rivers. Back in 1997 governments meeting at the UN agreed on the text of a Watercourses Convention establishing such rules. And yet a decade later, the treaty languishes without sufficient signatures from national legislatures to enter into force.
Amid the inevitable platitudes, it would be more valuable if governments would pledge themselves to bringing this vital agreement into force. It would be the first step to preventing future water wars.
Copyright 2008 Fred Pearce
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Fred Pearce is a former news editor at New Scientist. Currently that magazine’s environment and development consultant, he has also written for Audubon, Popular Science, Time, the Boston Globe, and Natural History. His latest book is With Speed and Violence: Why Scientists Fear Tipping Points in Climate Change.
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