In school we were taught that constant vigilance is the true price of democracy. For decades, we did not take this principle seriously. We allowed politicians, bureaucrats, and power brokers to swindle billions of rupees from the public system decade after decade. We made a few noises from time to time, and then we hurtled along the path of democracy with our heads bowed. We had a nation to build. Life was not easy anyway. The result of this half-century long lapse is today’s anti-corruption crusade by Gandhian activist, Anna Hazare and his team.

Anna was fasting in support of the Jan Lokpal bill in parliament for 12 days (at 74, frail Anna’s life was at stake). For 12 tense days, negotiations with the government blew hot and cold; both team Anna and the ruling Congress Party stonewalled themselves. Finally, the government gave in, passing a resolution in Parliament to accommodate Team Anna’s demand in the Lokpal bill. Anna ended his 288-hour long fast on Sunday, 28 August. But when the bill is eventually passed, will it solve the widespread corruption in India?

Anna’s demand for the appointment of a Lokpal, a new agency empowered to fight corruption among public servants, with sweeping powers over all government officials, the prime minister included, will create a bureaucratic monstrosity. Anna also wants to appoint Lokayuktas (anti-corruption ombudsman) at the state level, with bureaucratic machinery to support them.

First, those who would be appointed under this bill would again come from the same society that produces the corrupt police and administrative officers, politicians and clerks. How different will their morals be from their current counterparts? Second, even if they turn out to be honest, they will have to handle billions of complaints from 1.2 billion Indians. Meaning, they will have to work with other government bodies that are supposedly staffed with corrupt officials. How is this system going to work?

Corruption happens because of the moral weakness in individuals and an absence of a stringent rule of law. No one is arguing that corrupt government servants should be spared a harsh crackdown, but crackdown alone will not solve the problem of corruption. Therefore, alongside the struggle for Lokpal, Anna should focus his energies on building a mass movement to develop people with character.

There are 2.4 million government officials in India. How is one going to keep an eye on all of their activities?

This suggestion might sound a bit idealistic, but why is it that India is in such a state today despite having all the institutions in place? The chalta hai (take it easy) attitude, the jugaad (nepotism) culture, the bribes for chai and paan (petty corruption) has totally eaten into India’s moral fiber. From getting a driver’s license to escaping fines for breaking traffic rules—we indulge in all kinds of corruption. Anna’s honesty, fearlessness, and fighting spirit is an exception in today’s India. People might wear “I am Anna” caps, but are they, really?

Middle class morality

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh must be a baffled man at this time: India’s middle class has stood up against him. It is the same middle class that was midwifed by his financial reforms 20 years ago and has since nicknamed him Dhritrashtra—the blind king of Mahabharata who presided over the epic war, oblivious to the wrongdoing of his own people.

Manmohan Singh justified his economic reforms by invoking the trickle down theory, but this was just a Trojan horse to implant neo-liberalism. Today, the same theory is known as voodoo economics. Among the many things, India’s liberalization has widened the gap between the haves and have-nots. Capitalism and neoliberal values have unleashed a fountain of aspirations in India. People will do anything to get by and get hold of shiny, material objects advertised on TV. The result is greed and moral decadence. No one wants to cut his coat according to his cloth. No one wants to live within his means, according to his station in life defined by his wage and profession. There is a rush to be seen with wealth, no matter how ill-gotten.

We are all in it

When we talk about corruption, we often refer to our politicians and bureaucrats, the big and small government servants. We have to bribe them for every little transaction—from getting a birth certificate to getting a passport. This corruption has been going on for ages. It’s questioned but tolerated because no one wants to suffer. We are all in a hurry to get our work done. There have even been demands to legalize bribe-giving in India. It has been supported by respected entrepreneurs like Narayan Murthy, the former chairman of Infosys, one of India’s biggest outsourcing companies.

Former Infosys CEO, Nandan Nilekani, now chairman of the newly minted Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI), has interesting terms to describe corruption in India: wholesale corruption (like the Commonwealth Games scam, the telecom scam) and retail corruption (corruption that occurs at the points of citizen-government official interaction).

Wholesale corruption can be checked by strong institutions that are already in place. If the Lokpal becomes a reality, it can certainly focus on weeding out wholesale corruption in India. More difficult to tackle is retail corruption. There are 2.4 million government officials in India. How is one going to keep an eye on all of their activities? According to Nilekani, e-governance, transparent systems, and enabling electronic instruments such as Aadhaar (an identity project that can help check corruption in the public distribution system) can help reduce retail corruption.

More important than these two, however, is the moral corruption that has to be checked. Corruption can only be stopped if we are ready to suffer by not giving, or accepting, bribes. Indian citizens have to go through that painful phase. And now that Anna has awakened the nation, there is no one better to do this job. That should be his next mission.

 

Photograph by Mission Against Corruption.

 

Zafar Anjum

Zafar Anjum is a Singapore-based Indian journalist and writer.

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